Hello! Western philosophy has evolved significantly since the time of Descartes. He is credited with introducing the concept of dualism, which states that the mind and body are two distinct entities. This idea was further developed by John Locke, who argued that knowledge comes from experience. Immanuel Kant then proposed a new form of rationalism, which focused on the use of reason to understand reality. In the 19th century, Friedrich Nietzsche introduced the concept of nihilism, which rejected traditional values and beliefs. In the 20th century, Ludwig Wittgenstein developed a new form of logical analysis and Jean-Paul Sartre introduced existentialism, which focused on individual freedom and responsibility. Today, western philosophy continues to evolve as new ideas are explored and debated.